Structural and Trap?State Density Enhancement in Flash Infrared Annealed Perovskite Layers

Perovskite solar cells are well-known for their high energy conversion efficiency, low-temperature processing, and cost-effective production. Flash infrared annealing (FIRA) of slot-die cast perovskite precursors offers an attractive manufacturing route using high-throughput roll-to-roll technology. Despite the recent progress in FIRA annealing, optimal composition precursor is yet to be developed. Here, effect methylammonium chloride (MACl) on structure trap-state density as a function time investigated. In situ real-time grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) employed monitor layer formation during with millisecond temporal resolution. addition, states bandgap estimated ex energy-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Evidence found that adding 10% MACl into solution significantly improves crystallographic orientation layers while reducing by one order magnitude. time-resolved GIWAXS, most favorable window processing films lowest mosaicity identified. The results general importance elucidating appropriate windows complex fast-evolving crystallization processes.